Work measurement
Work measurement is the application of techniques designed to establish the time for a qualified worker to carry out a specified job at a defined level of performance.
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USES
To compare efficiency of alternate methods
To balance the work of the members of a team
To determine the number of machines an operative can run
To provide information for planning & scheduling of production including plant & labour requirement
To provide information for estimation in tendering selling prices & delivery commitments.
To set standards for machine utilization & labour performance for the above and also as a basis for incentive schemes
To provide information for labour cost control and to fix standard costs
Techniques of Work Measurements
Time Study
Activity Sampling
Synthesis from standard data
Predetermined motion time studies
The Basic Procedure
SELECT Work to be studied
RECORD Relevant data about circumstances, methods and activity elements
EXAMINE Recorded data critically
MEASURE Quantity of work involved
COMPILE Standard time for operation
DEFINE Series of activities & method of operation
TIME STUDY IS A WORK MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE
FOR RECORDING THE TIMES AND RATES OF WORKING FOR THE ELEMENTS OF A SPECIFIED JOB CARRIED OUT UNDER SPECIFIED CONDITIONS, AND FOR ANALYSING THE DATA SO AS TO OBTAIN THE TIME NECESSARY FOR CARRYING OUT THE JOB AT A DEFINED LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE
These time standards, in addition to establishing standard labor costs, also establish capacity of productive equipment. The standards are thus used for scheduling production orders.
Another use of time study is that as a result of time study, a time study engineer inevitably discovers constructive refinements in operation methods tooling, plant lay-out and materials handling.
Thus he is in a position to compare the various alternatives and recommend the best possible method.
Also time standards are used for setting pay incentives. Any body who can do better than standards by his extra skill will earn more.
Selecting the job to be studied
A new job, the one not previously carried out.
A change in method or material requiring new time standard
Complaint received about the time standard
Bottleneck operations
To establish standard times for incentive scheme
To investigate utilization of plant with low output or the one that appears mostly idle
As a preliminary to method study of comparison of two methods
When a cost of particular job seems excessive
The general procedure followed in Work Measurement is as follows:
1 Analysis
(a) The job is broken down in its elements
(b) The observed time for each element is recorded
(c) Basic time is determined for those elements for which data is not available.
(d) The values so determined for nay of the elements which could conceivably secure in another job are added to the records of basic times.
(e) Determine the frequency of occurrence of each element in the job, multiply the work content of each element with its frequency and add up the time to arrive at the work content for the job.
(f) The proportion of rest required is assessed and added to the basic time for doing the work at the standard rate of working and for recovering from the effort i.e. the work content.
(g) The addition of the relaxation allowance may be made element by element
(h) If there are any contingent delays a blanket allowance (not exceeding 5% ) may be added since they are not economical to measure.
2. Standardization of Methods
Before conducting Time Study, all the constituents of the job such as materials, equipments, tools, working condition and methods are standardized.
3. Making Time Study
Time Study is done on a printed Time Study Record which is fixed on a board, known as Time Study Board. On one corner (generally right hand top corner) a Stop-watch is placed. This Stop Watch should have a decimal scale dial so that it can read up to 0.01 minute.Different time reading of one element is recorded in the corresponding columns of the Record Sheet. Several sets of readings are taken to arrive at an accurate result. After noting all these readings average time is to calculated. This average time multiplied by a leaveling factor also called Rating Factor which is generally assumed as 110-120% to get the time required by normal worker.
RATING FACTOR
The study engineer multiplies actual time with a factor known as “Rating Factor” or leveling Factor to get the average time, which a normal worker would take. This is expressed as a percentage of the efficiency of representative operator, which indicates how efficient an operator in comparison to some of his average fellow workers.
Performance Rating = (Observed Performance / Normal Performance ) x 100
NORMAL TIME AND STANDARD TIME
This multiple of average time with the rating factor is known is “Normal Time.” Some allowance personal (5%), fatigue allowance (20%) and preparation allowance (5%) are added in the normal time to obtain the standard time. Thus, standard time is the basis for the calculation of wages and incentives. So,
Normal Time = (Average Time x Rating Factor)
Standard Time = (Normal Time) + Other Allowances
.
USES
To compare efficiency of alternate methods
To balance the work of the members of a team
To determine the number of machines an operative can run
To provide information for planning & scheduling of production including plant & labour requirement
To provide information for estimation in tendering selling prices & delivery commitments.
To set standards for machine utilization & labour performance for the above and also as a basis for incentive schemes
To provide information for labour cost control and to fix standard costs
Techniques of Work Measurements
Time Study
Activity Sampling
Synthesis from standard data
Predetermined motion time studies
The Basic Procedure
SELECT Work to be studied
RECORD Relevant data about circumstances, methods and activity elements
EXAMINE Recorded data critically
MEASURE Quantity of work involved
COMPILE Standard time for operation
DEFINE Series of activities & method of operation
TIME STUDY IS A WORK MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE
FOR RECORDING THE TIMES AND RATES OF WORKING FOR THE ELEMENTS OF A SPECIFIED JOB CARRIED OUT UNDER SPECIFIED CONDITIONS, AND FOR ANALYSING THE DATA SO AS TO OBTAIN THE TIME NECESSARY FOR CARRYING OUT THE JOB AT A DEFINED LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE
These time standards, in addition to establishing standard labor costs, also establish capacity of productive equipment. The standards are thus used for scheduling production orders.
Another use of time study is that as a result of time study, a time study engineer inevitably discovers constructive refinements in operation methods tooling, plant lay-out and materials handling.
Thus he is in a position to compare the various alternatives and recommend the best possible method.
Also time standards are used for setting pay incentives. Any body who can do better than standards by his extra skill will earn more.
Selecting the job to be studied
A new job, the one not previously carried out.
A change in method or material requiring new time standard
Complaint received about the time standard
Bottleneck operations
To establish standard times for incentive scheme
To investigate utilization of plant with low output or the one that appears mostly idle
As a preliminary to method study of comparison of two methods
When a cost of particular job seems excessive
The general procedure followed in Work Measurement is as follows:
1 Analysis
(a) The job is broken down in its elements
(b) The observed time for each element is recorded
(c) Basic time is determined for those elements for which data is not available.
(d) The values so determined for nay of the elements which could conceivably secure in another job are added to the records of basic times.
(e) Determine the frequency of occurrence of each element in the job, multiply the work content of each element with its frequency and add up the time to arrive at the work content for the job.
(f) The proportion of rest required is assessed and added to the basic time for doing the work at the standard rate of working and for recovering from the effort i.e. the work content.
(g) The addition of the relaxation allowance may be made element by element
(h) If there are any contingent delays a blanket allowance (not exceeding 5% ) may be added since they are not economical to measure.
2. Standardization of Methods
Before conducting Time Study, all the constituents of the job such as materials, equipments, tools, working condition and methods are standardized.
3. Making Time Study
Time Study is done on a printed Time Study Record which is fixed on a board, known as Time Study Board. On one corner (generally right hand top corner) a Stop-watch is placed. This Stop Watch should have a decimal scale dial so that it can read up to 0.01 minute.Different time reading of one element is recorded in the corresponding columns of the Record Sheet. Several sets of readings are taken to arrive at an accurate result. After noting all these readings average time is to calculated. This average time multiplied by a leaveling factor also called Rating Factor which is generally assumed as 110-120% to get the time required by normal worker.
RATING FACTOR
The study engineer multiplies actual time with a factor known as “Rating Factor” or leveling Factor to get the average time, which a normal worker would take. This is expressed as a percentage of the efficiency of representative operator, which indicates how efficient an operator in comparison to some of his average fellow workers.
Performance Rating = (Observed Performance / Normal Performance ) x 100
NORMAL TIME AND STANDARD TIME
This multiple of average time with the rating factor is known is “Normal Time.” Some allowance personal (5%), fatigue allowance (20%) and preparation allowance (5%) are added in the normal time to obtain the standard time. Thus, standard time is the basis for the calculation of wages and incentives. So,
Normal Time = (Average Time x Rating Factor)
Standard Time = (Normal Time) + Other Allowances
